安装 Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后


本文会不定期更新,最后更新时间 2012/06/02


Changelog

20120516: 优化最大化页面: gnome-shell-extension-window-buttons
20120602: 安装Calibre: sudo apt-get install calibre


曾经心血来潮写过一个Ubuntu的配置教程,还美其名曰《邂逅Ubuntu》系列,后来Ubuntu更新了,GNOME也变成了gnome shell,但是教程再也没更新过(惭愧不已)。适逢Ubuntu 12.04刚更新不久,简单记录下配置的流程。

本文主要记录了安装Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后的配置美化过程,主要包含:
1、配置软件源;2、安装配置gnome shell取代unity;3、安装相关软件;4、配置杂项。


配置软件源
我的策略是教育网一组,公网一组,官网一组,其次主要考虑地理位置和具体连接的速度。
教育网推荐是使用清华、北交、上交的(其一即可),公网推荐sohu(中国官方源)、163的(同样选择其一)。
[shell]
# /etc/apt/sources.list
# tsinghua
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

# # bjtu
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

# sohu (official China)
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# # 163
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# official security
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

# canonical partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner

# official extras
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
[/shell]

配置好之后记得更新升级

[shell]
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
[/shell]


安装配置gnome shell
之前折腾过Arch、Gentoo、Mint、Deepin都是因为Ubuntu换了unity,也算因祸得福,学到了很多东西,现在可以兼容了,当然果断上之。

安装基本桌面
[shell]
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell # gnome shell 桌面
sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool # 高级配置工具
[/shell]

安装图标和GTK主题
[shell]
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tiheum/equinox # 添加图标主题PPA
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:satyajit-happy/themes # 添加GTK主题PPA
sudo apt-get update # 更新软件源
sudo apt-get install faenza-icon-theme faience-icon-theme # 两款Icon theme
sudo apt-get install evolve-gtk-theme orion-gtk-theme # 两款 GTK theme
[/shell]
我选择的Icon theme是Faience,Window theme和GTK+ theme都是Evolve

安装gnome shell extension
可以通过PPA和网站两种方式安装,主要还是个人喜好和需要,通过gnome-tweak-tool进行设置即可,这里只列出作者使用的部分
通过PPA安装
[shell]
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/gnome3 # 添加PPA
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions # 官方插件
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-system-monitor # 非官方系统监控插件,扩展性很强
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-classic-systray # 移动所有底边信息栏图标至顶部
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions-autohidetopbar # 自动隐藏顶部功能条
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions-mediaplayer # 集成音乐到状态栏的声音设置
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions-noa11y # 删除accesibility按钮
[/shell]
通过GNOME Extensions网站安装
个人感觉PPA提供的已经基本够用了,而且很方便更新,你也可以在网站里淘一淘

需要注意 user-themes 插件可能有问题,导致gnome-tweak-tool无法打开或者打开报错,通过以下两条命令可以解决
[shell]
sudo cp ~/.local/share/gnome-shell/extensions/user-theme@gnome-shell-extensions.gcampax.github.com/schemas/org.gnome.shell.extensions.user-theme.gschema.xml /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/
sudo glib-compile-schemas /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas
[/shell]

安装gnome shell theme
我有点洁癖,不喜欢下载安装,因为不方便更新,但暂时还未发现包含很合意的gnome shell theme的PPA,可以关注一下Satya的PPA(之前安装GTK主题时已经添加了)。我已经邮件和作者联系过了,确定还会维护更新的,就是需要等等。我现在安装的是London Smoke Gnome-Shell,作为暂时的选择。


安装相关软件
此部分列举了本人会用到的软件包,因根据个人需要选择
[shell]
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras # 有版权限制的软件
sudo apt-get install ibus ibus-googlepinyin # ibus输入法 和 谷歌拼音输入法
sudo apt-get install chromium-browser # Chromium 浏览器
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer # flash 插件
sudo apt-get install cheese # 摄像头软件
sudo apt-get install gnome-mplayer vlc# 视频播放器
sudo apt-get install gimp # PhotoShop 替代品
sudo apt-get install pidgin # 多协议聊天
sudo apt-get install xchat # irc聊天
sudo apt-get install libreoffice # office
sudo apt-get install stardict # 翻译辞典
sudo apt-get install calibre # 电子书管理工具
sudo apt-get install gtg # GTD 工具
sudo apt-get install bleachbit # 系统清洁
sudo apt-get install skype # skype
sudo apt-get install axel # 命令行下载
sudo apt-get install pastebinit # 命令行下上传文本至 pastebin
sudo apt-get install dia # 图表 (UML) 制作
sudo apt-get install synergy # 多电脑共享键鼠
sudo apt-get install vim # 神编辑器
sudo apt-get install git # git 版本控制
sudo apt-get install mercurial # hg 版本控制
sudo apt-get install subversion # svn 版本控制
sudo apt-get install bzr bzrtools # bzr 版本控制
sudo apt-get install octave # Matlab 替代品
sudo apt-get install python-dev python-pip # python dev pip
sudo apt-get install apache2 # apache 服务器
sudo apt-get install nginx # nginx 服务器
sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client # mysql 数据库

sudo apt-get install openvpn # 这个干什么用就不解释了
sudo apt-get install proxychains # 命令行代理
# 配置好proxychains (/etc/proxychains.conf) 之后即可顺利安装dropbox
sudo proxychains apt-get install nautilus-dropbox # dropbox 文件同步

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tualatrix/ppa # 添加 ubuntu-tweak PPA
sudo apt-get update # 更新软件源
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-tweak # Ubuntu的优化大师
[/shell]

此外还有MongoDB数据库指纹识别fprint的安装,可以进入对应页面查看详情


配置杂项
安装更新语言包
“System Settings” -> “Language Support”
在”Install / Remove Languages…” 中选择安装 “Chinese (simplified)” 和 “English”
最下方的输入法选择中选择ibus

配置字体
安装中文语言包之后会安装相应中文字体,通过gnome-tweak-tool即可配置
我一直比较喜欢使用文泉驿的微黑(WenQuanYi Micro Hei),等宽字体也使用WenQuanYi Micro Hei Mono

修改Chromium标题栏按钮位置问题
由于Unity的缘故,Chromium标题栏按钮会显示在左边,通过以下命令(其一)可以解决
[shell]
# 让标题栏只有关闭按钮
gconftool-2 –set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout –type string “:close”
# 让标题栏包含常规的最小化、最大化和关闭按钮
gconftool-2 –set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout –type string “:minimize,maximize,close”
[/shell]

在Startup Applications Preferences中显示开启启动项
默认情况下很多启动项都没有显示,通过以下命令即可实现
[shell]
sudo sed -i ‘s/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g’ /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop
[/shell]

优化最大化页面
主要是来自 ppa:webupd8team/gnome3 (前面已经配置)的新插件 window-buttons
[shell]
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extension-window-buttons # 将窗口标题栏最大/小化和关闭按钮移至上方的通知栏
sudo apt-get install dconf-tools # 配置插件插件需要用到的工具
sudo apt-get install maximus # 取消最大化时的标题栏
sudo apt-get install gconf-editor # 配置 maximus 需要用到的工具
[/shell]

1)在 gconf-editor 中,进入 apps > maximus
1.1)启用 ‘no_maximus’
2)在 dconf-editor 中,进入 org > gnome > shell > extensions > window-buttons,
2.1)启用 “onlymax” 和 “hideonnomax” 窗口(如桌面和gnomw-tweak-tool)不支持最大化时隐藏标题栏中的按钮
2.2)其他 theme 、 order 之类的可以根据自己的喜好修改


其他主要是根据个人喜好修改系统和相应软件的设置
至此,基本配置完毕,欢迎交流和提出改进意见


6 responses to “安装 Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后”

  1. 我原来一直用的是gnome-session-fallback和Cinnamon和xfce4,现在看着unity不错,试试。我也打算写篇呢,楼主写得比我强多了,谢谢。

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